Did it alarm you to read that the camera that sees the direct
reflection will record an image “as bright as the light source”?
How do we know how bright the direct reflection will be if we
do not even know how far away the light source is?
We do not need to know how far away the source is. The
brightness of the image of a direct reflection is the same regardless
of the distance from the source. This principle seems to
stand in flagrant defiance of the inverse square law, but an easy
experiment will show why it does not.
You can prove this to yourself, if you like, by positioning a
mirror so that you can see a lamp reflected in it. If you move
the mirror closer to the lamp, it will be apparent to your eye
that the brightness of the lamp remains constant.
Notice, however, that the size of the reflection of the lamp
does change. This change in size keeps the inverse square law
from being violated. If we move the lamp to half the distance,
the mirror will reflect four times as much light, just as the
inverse square law predicts, but the image of the reflection covers
four times the area. So that image still has the same brightness
in the picture. As a concrete analogy, if we spread four
times the butter on a piece of bread of four times the area, the
thickness of the layer of butter stays the same